UNIVERSITY OF LODZ - Central Authentication System

Entertainment Law

General data

Course ID:	0500-ERAS44
Erasmus code / ISCED:	(unknown) / (0421) Law The ISCED (International Standard Classification of Education) code has been designed by UNESCO.
Course title:	Entertainment Law
Name in Polish:	Entertainment Law
Organizational unit:	Faculty of Law and Administration
Course groups:	Seminar list J foreign language for 4th and 5th year full-time law students, summer semester
ECTS credit allocation (and other scores):	0 OR 4.00 (depends on study program) Basic information on ECTS credits allocation principles: the annual hourly workload of the student’s work required to achieve the expected learning outcomes for a given stage is 1500-1800h, corresponding to 60 ECTS; the student’s weekly hourly workload is 45 h; 1 ECTS point corresponds to 25-30 hours of student work needed to achieve the assumed learning outcomes; weekly student workload necessary to achieve the assumed learning outcomes allows to obtain 1.5 ECTS; work required to pass the course, which has been assigned 3 ECTS, constitutes 10% of the semester student load. view allocation of credits
Language:	English
(in Polish) Ogólne treści programowe:	The course covers the multidimensional field of international law and new technologies, with particular emphasis on media law and freedom of expression in the international and transnational context. It provides students with advanced knowledge of the legal frameworks governing the exercise and limits of freedom of speech, including the definition and interpretation of legal norms, rules of statutory construction, and the interrelations between legal provisions and normative systems in international law and media regulation. The course examines key institutions of international law and international media law, analysing how social, technological, and political phenomena influence the creation, interpretation, and application of legal norms. Particular attention is devoted to press law, the rights and obligations of journalists, journalistic offences, and legal responsibility in the media sector. Students analyse regulatory frameworks applicable to audiovisual media services, including radio and television broadcasting, as well as issues related to the cross-border application of law in the entertainment and media industries. The course further addresses contemporary legal challenges arising from the development of new technologies, including artificial intelligence, and their implications for media law and freedom of expression. It introduces recent legislative initiatives such as the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA), outlining their objectives, regulatory mechanisms, and impact on the digital public sphere. In addition, the course includes an analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and its role in shaping international and European standards of freedom of expression and media law. Through critical discussion and comparative legal analysis, students develop the ability to interpret legal texts, integrate theoretical knowledge with practical legal problems, and formulate well-reasoned legal arguments in compliance with ethical standards and the protection of intellectual property.
Prerequisits:	The student should possess thorough knowledge in the field of international law and new technologies. This should include an understanding of civil law principles and personal rights as part of their foundational knowledge, the ability to apply rules of legal interpretation, and an understanding of the relationships between regulations and norms. In terms of their application regarding international law and new technologies, it is necessary for the student to achieve the educational outcomes specified for relevant subjects conducted in law and administration studies.
Short description:	The seminar explores the multifaceted landscape of entertainment law, media law, and freedom of expression, delving into various aspects such as press law, rights and duties of journalists, and journalistic offenses. It examines the legal framework surrounding audiovisual media services, including radio and television broadcasting, and delves into the intricate realm of copyright within the entertainment industry. Moreover, the seminar provides insights into emerging legal challenges posed by new technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), and their implications for entertainment and media law. It also touches upon recent developments such as the Digital Services Act (DSA) and Digital Markets Act (DMA), offering a brief overview of their objectives and impact. Furthermore, the seminar explores relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and its significance in shaping the legal landscape concerning freedom of expression and media rights.
Learning outcomes:	In terms of knowledge: 05P-0A_W05: Has an expanded knowledge of social phenomena determining the establishment and application of entertainment law. 05P-0A_W08: Has an expanded knowledge of institutions of entertainment law. In terms of skills: 05P-0A_U01: Can correctly observe and interpret social phenomena and analyze their connections with various areas of legal activity, as well as utilize and integrate theoretical knowledge in the field of law and related disciplines to analyze legal issues. 05P-0A_U03: Can use and interpret texts in legal language. 05P-0A_U04: Has the ability to communicate clearly, coherently, and concisely in speech, as they can construct elaborate justifications on legal topics using various theoretical approaches, utilizing literature and the achievements of other scientific disciplines. 05P-0A_U05: Possesses advanced skills in presenting their own views on recognized institutions of law, with the ability to express doubts, suggestions, and individual assessments supported by elaborate arguments, in the context of theoretical and practical foundations of their own views and the views of various authors, while respecting intellectual property rights and ethical principles. In terms of social competences: 05P-0A_K01: Understands the need for lifelong learning. 05P-0A_K05: Can independently and critically supplement knowledge in the broad sense of entertainment law using the comparative method.

Classes in period "Winter Semester 2026/2027" (future)

Time span:	2026-10-01 - 2027-02-14	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Course homepage:	https://www.cyber.uni.lodz.pl/details/eras44
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
(in Polish) Czy ECTS?:	(in Polish) T
Additional Information:	Selected ECHR Article 10 caselaw, including landmark cases such as: - Handyside vs United Kingdom (Application no. 5493/72) 1976 - Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (Application no. 13470/87) 1994 - Akdaş v. Turkey (Application no. 41056/04) 2010 - E.S. v Austria (Application no. 38450/12) 2018 - Karttunen v Finland (Application no. 1685/10) 2011 - Wingrove v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 17419/90) 1996 - Jersild vs Denmark (Application no. 15890/89) 1994 - Oberschlick (2) vs Austria (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 - Janowski vs Poland (Application no. 49033/99) 2002 - Praeger, Oberschlick v. Austria (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 - Delfi v. Estonia (Application no. 64569/09) 2015 - Hashmann I Harrup v. United Kingdom (Application no. 25594/94) 1999 Additional reading: - Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden (Application no. 23883/06) 2008 - Sekmadienis Ltd. v. Lithuania 69317/14 (Application no. 69317/14) 2018 - Muller et al. v Switzerland (Application no. 10737/84) 1988 - Vereinigung Bildender Künstler v. Austria (Application no. 68354/01) 2007 - Mariya Alekhina and Others v. Russia (Application no.38004/12) 2018 - Sinkova v Ukraine (Application no. 39496/11) 2018 - Bayev and Others v. Russia (Application no. 67667/09) 2017 - Gough v United Kingdom (Application no. 49327/11) 2014 - Perrin v. United Kingdom (Application no. 5446/03) 2005
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T
(in Polish) Język przedmiotu:	English
Teaching Method:	Methods providing: 1) informative lecture, 2) problem-oriented lecture, 3) conversational lecture, 4) storytelling, description. Methods seeking: 1) classical problem-oriented, 2) situational, 3) idea exchange.
Method and Criteria of Assessment:	Assessment criteria: 5 - Excellent: outstanding work, without substantive or formal errors (occasional minor formal flaws are acceptable). 4+ - Very Good Plus: work above average standard, with some errors. 4 - Good: solid work, but with a number of noticeable errors. 3+ - Satisfactory Plus: work at an average level, satisfactory, but with significant errors. 3 - Satisfactory: work meets minimum criteria. 2 - Unsatisfactory: work shows fundamental deficiencies in mastering the material, does not meet minimum criteria.
(in Polish) Metody weryfikacji i oceny stopnia osiągnięcia założonych efektów uczenia się:	Evaluation based on a short essay (up to 3 pages of standard manuscript)* covering one of the issues discussed during class sent per e-mail (joanna_kulesza@wpia.uni.lodz.pl) after last meeting (scheduled for May 13th, tbc).
Course Content:	- Introduction to Freedom of Expression as the Basis for Media Law This section provides an in-depth exploration of freedom of expression as the bedrock of media law and its critical influence on international cooperation within the entertainment industry. It emphasizes the paramount importance of safeguarding freedom of expression in hybrid threat scenarios, where traditional legal frameworks may encounter challenges. Participants will examine the role of international law in upholding freedom of expression and its implications for media law worldwide. Special attention will be given to analyzing different regional perspectives, including the United States, and the diverse approaches to protecting freedom of expression, including the impact of blasphemy laws. - Impact of Freedom of Expression on International Cooperation in the Entertainment Industry This section covers the practical implications of freedom of expression on fostering international cooperation within the entertainment industry. Participants will explore how the protection of freedom of expression influences cross-border collaboration in the creation and dissemination of entertainment content. Additionally, the section will examine case studies and best practices highlighting successful international partnerships in the entertainment sector, guided by principles of freedom of expression and media law. Through interactive discussions and real-world examples, participants will gain insights into the dynamics of international cooperation in the entertainment industry shaped by freedom of expression principles. - Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and AI Challenges in the Entertainment Industry and Media Law This segment focuses on the multifaceted landscape of copyright protection within the entertainment industry, exploring its relevance amid the challenges posed by artificial intelligence (AI). It covers the intricate legal frameworks designed to safeguard intellectual property rights, particularly in the realm of copyright laws and regulations. Through a comprehensive analysis, participants will gain insights into the significance of copyright protection in the entertainment sector and its pivotal role in fostering creativity and innovation. Furthermore, the discussion will explore the challenges posed by emerging technologies, such as AI, and their impact on intellectual property rights enforcement. By examining international agreements and conventions, participants will develop a nuanced understanding of the global efforts to address intellectual property rights issues in the digital age. - Protection of Personal Rights and Privacy in Media Law and Entertainment Law Exploration of personal rights protection in media law and entertainment law. Analysis of legal frameworks for protecting personal rights, including rights to image, privacy and personal data protection. Discussion of the impact of media convergence on personal rights and privacy. - Media Law and Entertainment Law: Responsibilities of Media Professionals This section explores the intricate landscape of media law and entertainment law, focusing on the rights and responsibilities of media professionals. Participants will examine the fine line between traditional media professionals and modern content creators, such as YouTubers and influencers. Through comprehensive analysis, this segment covers into the legal framework governing media professionals, including the rights and duties of journalists. The discussion encompasses a thorough examination of journalistic offenses, legal consequences, and the application of laws governing audiovisual media services, as well as regulations pertaining to radio and television broadcasting. - Current Trends in Media Law and Entertainment Law This segment explores the dynamic landscape of media law and entertainment law, highlighting contemporary trends and challenges. Participants will investigate the evolving legal framework surrounding media convergence, platform governance, and intermediary liability. Moreover, the discussion will examine the intersection of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, with media law and entertainment law. Specifically, the implications of large language models like ChatGPT on content creation and legal responsibilities will be analyzed, providing valuable insights into the evolving regulatory landscape. Through a comprehensive examination of these topics, participants will gain a deeper understanding of the current trends shaping media law and entertainment law.
Bibliography:	Legislation and Directives: - Council of Europe. (1950). European Convention on Human Rights. - Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2010/13/EU) - European Commission. (2020). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC. COM/2020/825 final. - Digital Services Act package and Digital Markets Act (DMA) - Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC (Text with EEA relevance.) - European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain union legislative acts. COM/2021/206 final. - Sejm of the Republic of Poland. (1992). Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting. Further Reading: - Poddighe, E., Sammarco, P., Zeno-Zencovich, V. (2023). European Media & Communication Law. (n.p.): Università degli studi Roma Tre. - Brogi, E., Parcu, P. L. (Eds.). (2021). Research Handbook on EU Media Law and Policy. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing. - Oster, J., Scheuer, A., & Saengerbauer, I. (2020). European Media Law. - Komorek, E., & Lehuta, M. (Eds.). (2020). Media Law in Europe: Comparative Perspectives. - Valcke, P., Lievens, E., & Claeys, I. (2019). European Media Law: A Comparative Analysis. - Katsirea, I., & Lievens, E. (Eds.). (2020). Regulating Digital Media: Legal and Ethical Challenges.

Classes in period "Summer Semester 2025/2026" (in progress)

Time span:	2026-02-23 - 2026-09-30	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable MO TU W TH FR K
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Course homepage:	https://www.cyber.uni.lodz.pl/details/eras44
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
(in Polish) Czy ECTS?:	(in Polish) T
Additional Information:	Selected ECHR Article 10 caselaw, including landmark cases such as: - Handyside vs United Kingdom (Application no. 5493/72) 1976 - Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (Application no. 13470/87) 1994 - Akdaş v. Turkey (Application no. 41056/04) 2010 - E.S. v Austria (Application no. 38450/12) 2018 - Karttunen v Finland (Application no. 1685/10) 2011 - Wingrove v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 17419/90) 1996 - Jersild vs Denmark (Application no. 15890/89) 1994 - Oberschlick (2) vs Austria (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 - Janowski vs Poland (Application no. 49033/99) 2002 - Praeger, Oberschlick v. Austria (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 - Delfi v. Estonia (Application no. 64569/09) 2015 - Hashmann I Harrup v. United Kingdom (Application no. 25594/94) 1999 Additional reading: - Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden (Application no. 23883/06) 2008 - Sekmadienis Ltd. v. Lithuania 69317/14 (Application no. 69317/14) 2018 - Muller et al. v Switzerland (Application no. 10737/84) 1988 - Vereinigung Bildender Künstler v. Austria (Application no. 68354/01) 2007 - Mariya Alekhina and Others v. Russia (Application no.38004/12) 2018 - Sinkova v Ukraine (Application no. 39496/11) 2018 - Bayev and Others v. Russia (Application no. 67667/09) 2017 - Gough v United Kingdom (Application no. 49327/11) 2014 - Perrin v. United Kingdom (Application no. 5446/03) 2005
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T
Teaching Method:	Methods providing: 1) informative lecture, 2) problem-oriented lecture, 3) conversational lecture, 4) storytelling, description. Methods seeking: 1) classical problem-oriented, 2) situational, 3) idea exchange.
Method and Criteria of Assessment:	Assessment criteria: 5 - Excellent: outstanding work, without substantive or formal errors (occasional minor formal flaws are acceptable). 4+ - Very Good Plus: work above average standard, with some errors. 4 - Good: solid work, but with a number of noticeable errors. 3+ - Satisfactory Plus: work at an average level, satisfactory, but with significant errors. 3 - Satisfactory: work meets minimum criteria. 2 - Unsatisfactory: work shows fundamental deficiencies in mastering the material, does not meet minimum criteria.
(in Polish) Metody weryfikacji i oceny stopnia osiągnięcia założonych efektów uczenia się:	Evaluation based on a short essay (up to 3 pages of standard manuscript)* covering one of the issues discussed during class sent per e-mail (joanna_kulesza@wpia.uni.lodz.pl) after last meeting (scheduled for May 13th, tbc).
Course Content:	- Introduction to Freedom of Expression as the Basis for Media Law This section provides an in-depth exploration of freedom of expression as the bedrock of media law and its critical influence on international cooperation within the entertainment industry. It emphasizes the paramount importance of safeguarding freedom of expression in hybrid threat scenarios, where traditional legal frameworks may encounter challenges. Participants will examine the role of international law in upholding freedom of expression and its implications for media law worldwide. Special attention will be given to analyzing different regional perspectives, including the United States, and the diverse approaches to protecting freedom of expression, including the impact of blasphemy laws. - Impact of Freedom of Expression on International Cooperation in the Entertainment Industry This section covers the practical implications of freedom of expression on fostering international cooperation within the entertainment industry. Participants will explore how the protection of freedom of expression influences cross-border collaboration in the creation and dissemination of entertainment content. Additionally, the section will examine case studies and best practices highlighting successful international partnerships in the entertainment sector, guided by principles of freedom of expression and media law. Through interactive discussions and real-world examples, participants will gain insights into the dynamics of international cooperation in the entertainment industry shaped by freedom of expression principles. - Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and AI Challenges in the Entertainment Industry and Media Law This segment focuses on the multifaceted landscape of copyright protection within the entertainment industry, exploring its relevance amid the challenges posed by artificial intelligence (AI). It covers the intricate legal frameworks designed to safeguard intellectual property rights, particularly in the realm of copyright laws and regulations. Through a comprehensive analysis, participants will gain insights into the significance of copyright protection in the entertainment sector and its pivotal role in fostering creativity and innovation. Furthermore, the discussion will explore the challenges posed by emerging technologies, such as AI, and their impact on intellectual property rights enforcement. By examining international agreements and conventions, participants will develop a nuanced understanding of the global efforts to address intellectual property rights issues in the digital age. - Protection of Personal Rights and Privacy in Media Law and Entertainment Law Exploration of personal rights protection in media law and entertainment law. Analysis of legal frameworks for protecting personal rights, including rights to image, privacy and personal data protection. Discussion of the impact of media convergence on personal rights and privacy. - Media Law and Entertainment Law: Responsibilities of Media Professionals This section explores the intricate landscape of media law and entertainment law, focusing on the rights and responsibilities of media professionals. Participants will examine the fine line between traditional media professionals and modern content creators, such as YouTubers and influencers. Through comprehensive analysis, this segment covers into the legal framework governing media professionals, including the rights and duties of journalists. The discussion encompasses a thorough examination of journalistic offenses, legal consequences, and the application of laws governing audiovisual media services, as well as regulations pertaining to radio and television broadcasting. - Current Trends in Media Law and Entertainment Law This segment explores the dynamic landscape of media law and entertainment law, highlighting contemporary trends and challenges. Participants will investigate the evolving legal framework surrounding media convergence, platform governance, and intermediary liability. Moreover, the discussion will examine the intersection of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, with media law and entertainment law. Specifically, the implications of large language models like ChatGPT on content creation and legal responsibilities will be analyzed, providing valuable insights into the evolving regulatory landscape. Through a comprehensive examination of these topics, participants will gain a deeper understanding of the current trends shaping media law and entertainment law.
Bibliography:	Legislation and Directives: - Council of Europe. (1950). European Convention on Human Rights. - Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2010/13/EU) - European Commission. (2020). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC. COM/2020/825 final. - Digital Services Act package and Digital Markets Act (DMA) - Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC (Text with EEA relevance.) - European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain union legislative acts. COM/2021/206 final. - Sejm of the Republic of Poland. (1992). Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting. Further Reading: - Poddighe, E., Sammarco, P., Zeno-Zencovich, V. (2023). European Media & Communication Law. (n.p.): Università degli studi Roma Tre. - Brogi, E., Parcu, P. L. (Eds.). (2021). Research Handbook on EU Media Law and Policy. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing. - Oster, J., Scheuer, A., & Saengerbauer, I. (2020). European Media Law. - Komorek, E., & Lehuta, M. (Eds.). (2020). Media Law in Europe: Comparative Perspectives. - Valcke, P., Lievens, E., & Claeys, I. (2019). European Media Law: A Comparative Analysis. - Katsirea, I., & Lievens, E. (Eds.). (2020). Regulating Digital Media: Legal and Ethical Challenges.

Classes in period "Summer Semester 2024/2025" (past)

Time span:	2025-03-03 - 2025-09-30	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable MO TU W TH FR K
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Course homepage:	http://www.cyber.uni.lodz.pl
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
(in Polish) Czy ECTS?:	(in Polish) T
Additional Information:	Selected ECHR Article 10 caselaw, including landmark cases such as: - Handyside vs United Kingdom (Application no. 5493/72) 1976 - Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (Application no. 13470/87) 1994 - Akdaş v. Turkey (Application no. 41056/04) 2010 - E.S. v Austria (Application no. 38450/12) 2018 - Karttunen v Finland (Application no. 1685/10) 2011 - Wingrove v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 17419/90) 1996 - Jersild vs Denmark (Application no. 15890/89) 1994 - Oberschlick (2) vs Austria (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 - Janowski vs Poland (Application no. 49033/99) 2002 - Praeger, Oberschlick v. Austria (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 - Delfi v. Estonia (Application no. 64569/09) 2015 - Hashmann I Harrup v. United Kingdom (Application no. 25594/94) 1999 Additional reading: - Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden (Application no. 23883/06) 2008 - Sekmadienis Ltd. v. Lithuania 69317/14 (Application no. 69317/14) 2018 - Muller et al. v Switzerland (Application no. 10737/84) 1988 - Vereinigung Bildender Künstler v. Austria (Application no. 68354/01) 2007 - Mariya Alekhina and Others v. Russia (Application no.38004/12) 2018 - Sinkova v Ukraine (Application no. 39496/11) 2018 - Bayev and Others v. Russia (Application no. 67667/09) 2017 - Gough v United Kingdom (Application no. 49327/11) 2014 - Perrin v. United Kingdom (Application no. 5446/03) 2005
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T
Teaching Method:	Methods providing: 1) informative lecture, 2) problem-oriented lecture, 3) conversational lecture, 4) storytelling, description. Methods seeking: 1) classical problem-oriented, 2) situational, 3) idea exchange.
Method and Criteria of Assessment:	Assessment criteria: 5 - Excellent: outstanding work, without substantive or formal errors (occasional minor formal flaws are acceptable). 4+ - Very Good Plus: work above average standard, with some errors. 4 - Good: solid work, but with a number of noticeable errors. 3+ - Satisfactory Plus: work at an average level, satisfactory, but with significant errors. 3 - Satisfactory: work meets minimum criteria. 2 - Unsatisfactory: work shows fundamental deficiencies in mastering the material, does not meet minimum criteria.
(in Polish) Metody weryfikacji i oceny stopnia osiągnięcia założonych efektów uczenia się:	Evaluation based on a short essay (up to 3 pages of standard manuscript)* covering one of the issues discussed during class sent per e-mail (joanna_kulesza@wpia.uni.lodz.pl) after last meeting (scheduled for May 13th, tbc).
Course Content:	- Introduction to Freedom of Expression as the Basis for Media Law This section provides an in-depth exploration of freedom of expression as the bedrock of media law and its critical influence on international cooperation within the entertainment industry. It emphasizes the paramount importance of safeguarding freedom of expression in hybrid threat scenarios, where traditional legal frameworks may encounter challenges. Participants will examine the role of international law in upholding freedom of expression and its implications for media law worldwide. Special attention will be given to analyzing different regional perspectives, including the United States, and the diverse approaches to protecting freedom of expression, including the impact of blasphemy laws. - Impact of Freedom of Expression on International Cooperation in the Entertainment Industry This section covers the practical implications of freedom of expression on fostering international cooperation within the entertainment industry. Participants will explore how the protection of freedom of expression influences cross-border collaboration in the creation and dissemination of entertainment content. Additionally, the section will examine case studies and best practices highlighting successful international partnerships in the entertainment sector, guided by principles of freedom of expression and media law. Through interactive discussions and real-world examples, participants will gain insights into the dynamics of international cooperation in the entertainment industry shaped by freedom of expression principles. - Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and AI Challenges in the Entertainment Industry and Media Law This segment focuses on the multifaceted landscape of copyright protection within the entertainment industry, exploring its relevance amid the challenges posed by artificial intelligence (AI). It covers the intricate legal frameworks designed to safeguard intellectual property rights, particularly in the realm of copyright laws and regulations. Through a comprehensive analysis, participants will gain insights into the significance of copyright protection in the entertainment sector and its pivotal role in fostering creativity and innovation. Furthermore, the discussion will explore the challenges posed by emerging technologies, such as AI, and their impact on intellectual property rights enforcement. By examining international agreements and conventions, participants will develop a nuanced understanding of the global efforts to address intellectual property rights issues in the digital age. - Protection of Personal Rights and Privacy in Media Law and Entertainment Law Exploration of personal rights protection in media law and entertainment law. Analysis of legal frameworks for protecting personal rights, including rights to image, privacy and personal data protection. Discussion of the impact of media convergence on personal rights and privacy. - Media Law and Entertainment Law: Responsibilities of Media Professionals This section explores the intricate landscape of media law and entertainment law, focusing on the rights and responsibilities of media professionals. Participants will examine the fine line between traditional media professionals and modern content creators, such as YouTubers and influencers. Through comprehensive analysis, this segment covers into the legal framework governing media professionals, including the rights and duties of journalists. The discussion encompasses a thorough examination of journalistic offenses, legal consequences, and the application of laws governing audiovisual media services, as well as regulations pertaining to radio and television broadcasting. - Current Trends in Media Law and Entertainment Law This segment explores the dynamic landscape of media law and entertainment law, highlighting contemporary trends and challenges. Participants will investigate the evolving legal framework surrounding media convergence, platform governance, and intermediary liability. Moreover, the discussion will examine the intersection of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, with media law and entertainment law. Specifically, the implications of large language models like ChatGPT on content creation and legal responsibilities will be analyzed, providing valuable insights into the evolving regulatory landscape. Through a comprehensive examination of these topics, participants will gain a deeper understanding of the current trends shaping media law and entertainment law.
Bibliography:	Legislation and Directives: - Council of Europe. (1950). European Convention on Human Rights. - Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2010/13/EU) - European Commission. (2020). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC. COM/2020/825 final. - Digital Services Act package and Digital Markets Act (DMA) - Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC (Text with EEA relevance.) - European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain union legislative acts. COM/2021/206 final. - Sejm of the Republic of Poland. (1992). Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting. Further Reading: - Poddighe, E., Sammarco, P., Zeno-Zencovich, V. (2023). European Media & Communication Law. (n.p.): Università degli studi Roma Tre. - Brogi, E., Parcu, P. L. (Eds.). (2021). Research Handbook on EU Media Law and Policy. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing. - Oster, J., Scheuer, A., & Saengerbauer, I. (2020). European Media Law. - Komorek, E., & Lehuta, M. (Eds.). (2020). Media Law in Europe: Comparative Perspectives. - Valcke, P., Lievens, E., & Claeys, I. (2019). European Media Law: A Comparative Analysis. - Katsirea, I., & Lievens, E. (Eds.). (2020). Regulating Digital Media: Legal and Ethical Challenges.

Classes in period "Summer Semester 2023/2024" (past)

Time span:	2024-02-26 - 2024-09-30	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable MO TU W TH FR K
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Course homepage:	http://www.cyber.uni.lodz.pl
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
Additional Information:	Selected ECHR Article 10 caselaw, including landmark cases such as: - Handyside vs United Kingdom (Application no. 5493/72) 1976 - Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria (Application no. 13470/87) 1994 - Akdaş v. Turkey (Application no. 41056/04) 2010 - E.S. v Austria (Application no. 38450/12) 2018 - Karttunen v Finland (Application no. 1685/10) 2011 - Wingrove v. The United Kingdom (Application no. 17419/90) 1996 - Jersild vs Denmark (Application no. 15890/89) 1994 - Oberschlick (2) vs Austria (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 - Janowski vs Poland (Application no. 49033/99) 2002 - Praeger, Oberschlick v. Austria (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 - Delfi v. Estonia (Application no. 64569/09) 2015 - Hashmann I Harrup v. United Kingdom (Application no. 25594/94) 1999 Additional reading: - Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden (Application no. 23883/06) 2008 - Sekmadienis Ltd. v. Lithuania 69317/14 (Application no. 69317/14) 2018 - Muller et al. v Switzerland (Application no. 10737/84) 1988 - Vereinigung Bildender Künstler v. Austria (Application no. 68354/01) 2007 - Mariya Alekhina and Others v. Russia (Application no.38004/12) 2018 - Sinkova v Ukraine (Application no. 39496/11) 2018 - Bayev and Others v. Russia (Application no. 67667/09) 2017 - Gough v United Kingdom (Application no. 49327/11) 2014 - Perrin v. United Kingdom (Application no. 5446/03) 2005
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T
Teaching Method:	Methods providing: 1) informative lecture, 2) problem-oriented lecture, 3) conversational lecture, 4) storytelling, description. Methods seeking: 1) classical problem-oriented, 2) situational, 3) idea exchange.
Method and Criteria of Assessment:	Assessment criteria: 5 - Excellent: outstanding work, without substantive or formal errors (occasional minor formal flaws are acceptable). 4+ - Very Good Plus: work above average standard, with some errors. 4 - Good: solid work, but with a number of noticeable errors. 3+ - Satisfactory Plus: work at an average level, satisfactory, but with significant errors. 3 - Satisfactory: work meets minimum criteria. 2 - Unsatisfactory: work shows fundamental deficiencies in mastering the material, does not meet minimum criteria.
(in Polish) Metody weryfikacji i oceny stopnia osiągnięcia założonych efektów uczenia się:	Evaluation based on a short essay (up to 3 pages of standard manuscript)* covering one of the issues discussed during class sent per e-mail (joanna_kulesza@wpia.uni.lodz.pl) after last meeting (scheduled for May 13th, tbc).
Course Content:	- Introduction to Freedom of Expression as the Basis for Media Law This section provides an in-depth exploration of freedom of expression as the bedrock of media law and its critical influence on international cooperation within the entertainment industry. It emphasizes the paramount importance of safeguarding freedom of expression in hybrid threat scenarios, where traditional legal frameworks may encounter challenges. Participants will examine the role of international law in upholding freedom of expression and its implications for media law worldwide. Special attention will be given to analyzing different regional perspectives, including the United States, and the diverse approaches to protecting freedom of expression, including the impact of blasphemy laws. - Impact of Freedom of Expression on International Cooperation in the Entertainment Industry This section covers the practical implications of freedom of expression on fostering international cooperation within the entertainment industry. Participants will explore how the protection of freedom of expression influences cross-border collaboration in the creation and dissemination of entertainment content. Additionally, the section will examine case studies and best practices highlighting successful international partnerships in the entertainment sector, guided by principles of freedom of expression and media law. Through interactive discussions and real-world examples, participants will gain insights into the dynamics of international cooperation in the entertainment industry shaped by freedom of expression principles. - Protection of Intellectual Property Rights and AI Challenges in the Entertainment Industry and Media Law This segment focuses on the multifaceted landscape of copyright protection within the entertainment industry, exploring its relevance amid the challenges posed by artificial intelligence (AI). It covers the intricate legal frameworks designed to safeguard intellectual property rights, particularly in the realm of copyright laws and regulations. Through a comprehensive analysis, participants will gain insights into the significance of copyright protection in the entertainment sector and its pivotal role in fostering creativity and innovation. Furthermore, the discussion will explore the challenges posed by emerging technologies, such as AI, and their impact on intellectual property rights enforcement. By examining international agreements and conventions, participants will develop a nuanced understanding of the global efforts to address intellectual property rights issues in the digital age. - Protection of Personal Rights and Privacy in Media Law and Entertainment Law Exploration of personal rights protection in media law and entertainment law. Analysis of legal frameworks for protecting personal rights, including rights to image, privacy and personal data protection. Discussion of the impact of media convergence on personal rights and privacy. - Media Law and Entertainment Law: Responsibilities of Media Professionals This section explores the intricate landscape of media law and entertainment law, focusing on the rights and responsibilities of media professionals. Participants will examine the fine line between traditional media professionals and modern content creators, such as YouTubers and influencers. Through comprehensive analysis, this segment covers into the legal framework governing media professionals, including the rights and duties of journalists. The discussion encompasses a thorough examination of journalistic offenses, legal consequences, and the application of laws governing audiovisual media services, as well as regulations pertaining to radio and television broadcasting. - Current Trends in Media Law and Entertainment Law This segment explores the dynamic landscape of media law and entertainment law, highlighting contemporary trends and challenges. Participants will investigate the evolving legal framework surrounding media convergence, platform governance, and intermediary liability. Moreover, the discussion will examine the intersection of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, with media law and entertainment law. Specifically, the implications of large language models like ChatGPT on content creation and legal responsibilities will be analyzed, providing valuable insights into the evolving regulatory landscape. Through a comprehensive examination of these topics, participants will gain a deeper understanding of the current trends shaping media law and entertainment law.
Bibliography:	Legislation and Directives: - Council of Europe. (1950). European Convention on Human Rights. - Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2010/13/EU) - European Commission. (2020). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a Single Market For Digital Services (Digital Services Act) and amending Directive 2000/31/EC. COM/2020/825 final. - Digital Services Act package and Digital Markets Act (DMA) - Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC (Text with EEA relevance.) - European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act) and amending certain union legislative acts. COM/2021/206 final. - Sejm of the Republic of Poland. (1992). Act of 29 December 1992 on Radio and Television Broadcasting. Further Reading: - Poddighe, E., Sammarco, P., Zeno-Zencovich, V. (2023). European Media & Communication Law. (n.p.): Università degli studi Roma Tre. - Brogi, E., Parcu, P. L. (Eds.). (2021). Research Handbook on EU Media Law and Policy. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing. - Oster, J., Scheuer, A., & Saengerbauer, I. (2020). European Media Law. - Komorek, E., & Lehuta, M. (Eds.). (2020). Media Law in Europe: Comparative Perspectives. - Valcke, P., Lievens, E., & Claeys, I. (2019). European Media Law: A Comparative Analysis. - Katsirea, I., & Lievens, E. (Eds.). (2020). Regulating Digital Media: Legal and Ethical Challenges.

Classes in period "Summer Semester 2022/2023" (past)

Time span:	2023-02-20 - 2023-09-30	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable MO TU W TH FR K
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T

Classes in period "Summer Semester 2021/2022" (past)

Time span:	2022-02-21 - 2022-09-30	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable MO TU W TH FR K
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T
Method and Criteria of Assessment:	Evaluation based on a short essay (up to 3 pages of standard manuscript)* covering one of the issues discussed during class sent per e-mail (joanna_kulesza@wpia.uni.lodz.pl) after last meeting.
Course Content:	freedom of expression: media law and entertainment law press law – general principles rights and duties of journalists journalistic offences audiovisual media services radio and television broadcasting copyright and the entertainment industry protection of personal rights - image, privacy, personal data media convergence
Bibliography:	European Convention on Human Rights and Article 10 jurisprudence* Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2010/13/EU on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services) Revision of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) The Digital Services Act package https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package Digital Services Act package Digital Markets Act (DMA) Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society Consolidated text: Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on European data governance (Data Governance Act) * Selected ECHR Article 10 caselaw HANDYSIDE VS UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 5493/72) 1976 OTTO-PREMINGER-INSTITUT V. AUSTRIA (Application no. 13470/87) 1994 AKDAŞ V. TURKEY (Application no. 41056/04) 2010 E.S. V AUSTRIA (Application no. 38450/12) 2018 KARTTUNEN V FINLAND (Application no. 1685/10) 2011 WINGROVE V. THE UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 17419/90) 1996 JERSILD VS DENMARK (Application no. 15890/89) 1994 OBERSCHLICK (2) VS AUSTRIA (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 JANOWSKI VS POLAND (Application no. 49033/99) 2002 PRAEGER, OBERSCHLICK V. AUSTRIA (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 DELFI V. ESTONIA (Application no. 64569/09) 2015 HASHMANN I HARRUP V. UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 25594/94) 1999 KHURSHID MUSTAFA AND TARZIBACHI V. SWEDEN (Application no. 23883/06) 2008 SEKMADIENIS LTD. V. LITHUANIA 69317/14 (Application no. 69317/14) 2018 MULLER ET AL. V SWITZERLAND (Application no. 10737/84) 1988 VEREINIGUNG BILDENDER KÜNSTLER V. AUSTRIA (Application no. 68354/01) 2007 MARIYA ALEKHINA AND OTHERS V. RUSSIA (Application no.38004/12) 2018 SINKOVA V UKRAINE (Application no. 39496/11) 2018 BAYEV AND OTHERS V. RUSSIA (Application no. 67667/09) 2017 GOUGH V UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 49327/11) (2014) PERRIN V. UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 5446/03) 2005

Classes in period "Summer Semester 2020/2021" (past)

Time span:	2021-03-08 - 2021-09-30	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable MO TU W TH FR K
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T
Teaching Method:	discussion class with audiovisual content and case law analysis
Method and Criteria of Assessment:	Evaluation based on a short essay (up to 3 pages of standard manuscript)* covering one of the issues discussed during class sent per e-mail (joanna_kulesza@wpia.uni.lodz.pl) after last meeting (scheduled for May 13th, tbc).
Course Content:	freedom of expression: media law and entertainment law press law – general principles rights and duties of journalists journalistic offences audiovisual media services radio and television broadcasting copyright and the entertainment industry protection of personal rights - image, privacy, personal data media convergence
Bibliography:	European Convention on Human Rights and Article 10 jurisprudence* Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2010/13/EU on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services) Revision of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) The Digital Services Act package https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package Digital Services Act package Digital Markets Act (DMA) Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society Consolidated text: Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on European data governance (Data Governance Act) * Selected ECHR Article 10 caselaw HANDYSIDE VS UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 5493/72) 1976 OTTO-PREMINGER-INSTITUT V. AUSTRIA (Application no. 13470/87) 1994 AKDAŞ V. TURKEY (Application no. 41056/04) 2010 E.S. V AUSTRIA (Application no. 38450/12) 2018 KARTTUNEN V FINLAND (Application no. 1685/10) 2011 WINGROVE V. THE UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 17419/90) 1996 JERSILD VS DENMARK (Application no. 15890/89) 1994 OBERSCHLICK (2) VS AUSTRIA (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 JANOWSKI VS POLAND (Application no. 49033/99) 2002 PRAEGER, OBERSCHLICK V. AUSTRIA (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 DELFI V. ESTONIA (Application no. 64569/09) 2015 HASHMANN I HARRUP V. UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 25594/94) 1999 KHURSHID MUSTAFA AND TARZIBACHI V. SWEDEN (Application no. 23883/06) 2008 SEKMADIENIS LTD. V. LITHUANIA 69317/14 (Application no. 69317/14) 2018 MULLER ET AL. V SWITZERLAND (Application no. 10737/84) 1988 VEREINIGUNG BILDENDER KÜNSTLER V. AUSTRIA (Application no. 68354/01) 2007 MARIYA ALEKHINA AND OTHERS V. RUSSIA (Application no.38004/12) 2018 SINKOVA V UKRAINE (Application no. 39496/11) 2018 BAYEV AND OTHERS V. RUSSIA (Application no. 67667/09) 2017 GOUGH V UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 49327/11) (2014) PERRIN V. UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 5446/03) 2005

Classes in period "Summer Semester 2019/2020" (past)

Time span:	2020-02-24 - 2020-09-30	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable MO TU W TH K FR
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T
Teaching Method:	discussion class
Method and Criteria of Assessment:	Evaluation based on a short essay (up to 3 pages of standard manuscript)* covering one of the issues discussed during class sent per e-mail (joanna_kulesza@wpia.uni.lodz.pl) after last meeting.
Course Content:	freedom of expression: media law and entertainment law press law – general principles rights and duties of journalists journalistic offences audiovisual media services radio and television broadcasting copyright and the entertainment industry protection of personal rights - image, privacy, personal data media convergence
Bibliography:	European Convention on Human Rights and Article 10 jurisprudence* Audiovisual Media Services Directive (Directive 2010/13/EU on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audiovisual media services) Revision of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) The Digital Services Act package https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package Digital Services Act package Digital Markets Act (DMA) Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society Consolidated text: Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on European data governance (Data Governance Act) * Selected ECHR Article 10 caselaw HANDYSIDE VS UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 5493/72) 1976 OTTO-PREMINGER-INSTITUT V. AUSTRIA (Application no. 13470/87) 1994 AKDAŞ V. TURKEY (Application no. 41056/04) 2010 E.S. V AUSTRIA (Application no. 38450/12) 2018 KARTTUNEN V FINLAND (Application no. 1685/10) 2011 WINGROVE V. THE UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 17419/90) 1996 JERSILD VS DENMARK (Application no. 15890/89) 1994 OBERSCHLICK (2) VS AUSTRIA (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 JANOWSKI VS POLAND (Application no. 49033/99) 2002 PRAEGER, OBERSCHLICK V. AUSTRIA (Application no. 15974/90) 1995 DELFI V. ESTONIA (Application no. 64569/09) 2015 HASHMANN I HARRUP V. UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 25594/94) 1999 KHURSHID MUSTAFA AND TARZIBACHI V. SWEDEN (Application no. 23883/06) 2008 SEKMADIENIS LTD. V. LITHUANIA 69317/14 (Application no. 69317/14) 2018 MULLER ET AL. V SWITZERLAND (Application no. 10737/84) 1988 VEREINIGUNG BILDENDER KÜNSTLER V. AUSTRIA (Application no. 68354/01) 2007 MARIYA ALEKHINA AND OTHERS V. RUSSIA (Application no.38004/12) 2018 SINKOVA V UKRAINE (Application no. 39496/11) 2018 BAYEV AND OTHERS V. RUSSIA (Application no. 67667/09) 2017 GOUGH V UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 49327/11) (2014) PERRIN V. UNITED KINGDOM (Application no. 5446/03) 2005

Classes in period "Summer Semester 2018/2019" (past)

Time span:	2019-02-18 - 2019-09-30	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable MO TU W TH K FR
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T

Classes in period "Summer Semester 2017/2018" (past)

Time span:	2018-02-19 - 2018-09-30	Selected timetable range: weekly course term Go to timetable MO TU W TH K FR
Type of class:	Discussion class, 20 hours more information
Coordinators:	Joanna Kulesza
Group instructors:	Joanna Kulesza
Students list:	(inaccessible to you)
Credit:	(in Polish) Ocena zgodna z regulaminem studiów
(in Polish) Czy IRK BWZ?:	(in Polish) T
Course Content:	The aim of the lecture is to introduce the institutions of entertainment law. Course content: freedom of expression: media law and entertainment law press law – general principles rights and duties of journalists journalistic offences audiovisual media services radio and television broadcasting copyright and the entertainment industry protection of personal rights in the entertainment industry media convergence

Course descriptions are protected by copyright.
Copyright by UNIVERSITY OF LODZ.